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Filibuster

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political procedure. For the military term, see <a href="Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibuster (military)</a>. For the TV series episode, see <a href="Filibuster_(Parks_and_Recreation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filibuster (Parks and Recreation)">Filibuster (Parks and Recreation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Rhetoric#History_and_development" title="Rhetoric">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Rhetoric#Ancient_Greece" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Greece</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asiatic_style" title="Asiatic style">Asianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a></li>

<li><a href="Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li>

<li><a href="Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Indian_rhetoric" title="Ancient Indian rhetoric">Ancient India</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric#Rome" title="Rhetoric">Ancient Rome</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_literature#The_age_of_Cicero" title="Latin literature">The age of Cicero</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric#Medieval_to_Enlightenment" title="Rhetoric">Middle Ages</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_rhetoric" title="Byzantine rhetoric">Byzantine rhetoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric#Sixteenth_century" title="Rhetoric">Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Studia_humanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Studia humanitatis">Studia humanitatis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Modern_rhetoric" title="Modern rhetoric">Modern period</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Captatio_benevolentiae" title="Captatio benevolentiae">Captatio benevolentiae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chironomia" title="Chironomia">Chironomia</a></li>

<li><a href="Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Delectare" class="mw-redirect" title="Delectare">Delectare</a></li>

<li><a href="Docere" class="mw-redirect" title="Docere">Docere</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">Device</a></li>

<li><a href="Eloquence" title="Eloquence">Eloquence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eloquentia_perfecta" title="Eloquentia perfecta">Eloquentia perfecta</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eunoia" title="Eunoia">Eunoia</a></li>

<li><a href="Enthymeme" title="Enthymeme">Enthymeme</a></li>

<li><a href="Facilitas" title="Facilitas">Facilitas</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scheme_(rhetoric)" title="Scheme (rhetoric)">Scheme</a></li>

<li><a href="Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Five_Canons_of_Rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Canons of Rhetoric">Five canons</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inventio" title="Inventio">Inventio</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispositio" title="Dispositio">Dispositio</a></li>

<li><a href="Elocutio" title="Elocutio">Elocutio</a></li>

<li><a href="Memoria" title="Memoria">Memoria</a></li>

<li><a href="Pronuntiatio" title="Pronuntiatio">Pronuntiatio</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypsos" title="Hypsos">Hypsos</a></li>

<li><a href="Dionysian_imitatio" title="Dionysian imitatio">Imitatio</a></li>

<li><a href="Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_of_loci" title="Method of loci">Method of loci</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Modes</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetorical_operations" title="Rhetorical operations">Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Modes_of_persuasion" title="Modes of persuasion">Persuasion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li>

<li><a href="Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rhetorical_situation" title="Rhetorical situation">Situation</a></li>

<li><a href="Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">Style</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grand_style_(rhetoric)" title="Grand style (rhetoric)">Grand</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sotto_voce" title="Sotto voce">Sotto voce</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">Topos</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Genres</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Debate" title="Debate">Debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Declamation" title="Declamation">Declamation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Controversia" title="Controversia">Controversia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deliberative_rhetoric" title="Deliberative rhetoric">Deliberative</a></li>

<li><a href="Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dissoi_logoi" title="Dissoi logoi">Dissoi logoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Elocution" title="Elocution">Elocution</a></li>

<li><a href="Epideictic" title="Epideictic">Epideictic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Encomium" title="Encomium">Encomium</a></li>

<li><a href="Panegyric" title="Panegyric">Panegyric</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eulogy" title="Eulogy">Eulogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Farewell_speech" title="Farewell speech">Farewell speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_rhetoric" title="Forensic rhetoric">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Funeral_oration_(ancient_Greece)" title="Funeral oration (ancient Greece)">Funeral oration</a></li>

<li><a href="Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics‎</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Invitational_rhetoric" title="Invitational rhetoric">Invitational</a></li>

<li><a href="Lecture" title="Lecture">Lecture</a>

<ul><li><a href="Public_lecture" title="Public lecture">Public</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lightning_talk" title="Lightning talk">Lightning talk</a></li>

<li><a href="Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">Maiden speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diatribe" title="Diatribe">Diatribe</a></li>

<li><a href="Eristic" title="Eristic">Eristic</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippic" title="Philippic">Philippic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Progymnasmata" title="Progymnasmata">Progymnasmata</a>

<ul><li><a href="Suasoria" title="Suasoria">Suasoria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a>

<li><a href="Resignation_speech" title="Resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">Stump speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Pro-war_rhetoric" title="Pro-war rhetoric">War-mongering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Rhetorical_criticism" title="Rhetorical criticism">Criticism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Cluster_criticism" title="Cluster criticism">Cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dramatistic_pentad" title="Dramatistic pentad">Pentadic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Frame_analysis" title="Frame analysis">Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Genre_criticism" title="Genre criticism">Genre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaphoric_criticism" title="Metaphoric criticism">Metaphoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimesis_criticism" title="Mimesis criticism">Mimesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrative_criticism" title="Narrative criticism">Narrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Aristotelianism_(literature)" title="Neo-Aristotelianism (literature)">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Rhetoricians</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a></li>

<li><a href="Aelius_Aristides" title="Aelius Aristides">Aelius Aristides</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiphon_(orator)" title="Antiphon (orator)">Antiphon</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspasia" title="Aspasia">Aspasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wayne_C._Booth" title="Wayne C. Booth">Booth</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Brueggemann" title="Walter Brueggemann">Brueggemann</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li>

<li><a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li>

<li><a href="Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li>

<li><a href="Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li>

<li><a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypereides" title="Hypereides">Hypereides</a></li>

<li><a href="Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lysias" title="Lysias">Lysias</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li>

<li><a href="Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a></li>

<li><a href="Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li>

<li><a href="Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Ramus</a></li>

<li><a href="I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li>

<li><a href="Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Toulmin</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a> (380 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Phaedrus_(dialogue)#Discussion_of_rhetoric_and_writing_(257c–279c)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a> (c. 370 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a> (c. 350 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a> (c. 350 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">De Sophisticis Elenchis</a> (c. 350 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li>

<li><a href="De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a> (84 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Rhetorica_ad_Herennium" title="Rhetorica ad Herennium">Rhetorica ad Herennium</a> (80 BC)</li>

<li><a href="De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a> (55 BC)</li>

<li><a href="A_Dialogue_Concerning_Oratorical_Partitions" title="A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions">A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions</a> (c. 50 BC)</li>

<li><a href="De_Optimo_Genere_Oratorum" title="De Optimo Genere Oratorum">De Optimo Genere Oratorum</a> (46 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a> (46 BC)</li>

<li><a href="On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 50)</li>

<li><a href="Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a> (95)</li>

<li><a href="Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> (100–400)</li>

<li><a href="Dialogus_de_oratoribus" title="Dialogus de oratoribus">Dialogus de oratoribus</a> (102)</li>

<li><a href="De_doctrina_Christiana" title="De doctrina Christiana">De doctrina Christiana</a> (426)</li>

<li><a href="De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a> (1305)</li>

<li><a href="Copia%3A_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a> (1521)</li>

<li><a href="Language_as_Symbolic_Action" title="Language as Symbolic Action">Language as Symbolic Action</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="A_General_Rhetoric" title="A General Rhetoric">A General Rhetoric</a> (1970)</li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subfields</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">Argumentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_rhetoric" title="Cognitive rhetoric">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Contrastive_rhetoric" title="Contrastive rhetoric">Contrastive</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutive_rhetoric" title="Constitutive rhetoric">Constitutive</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Native_American_rhetoric" title="Native American rhetoric">Native American</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhetoric_of_health_and_medicine" title="Rhetoric of health and medicine">Health and medicine</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Ars_dictaminis" title="Ars dictaminis">Ars dictaminis</a></li>

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<li><a href="Glossophobia" title="Glossophobia">Glossophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">List of feminist rhetoricians</a></li>

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A filibuster is a <a href="Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a> in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill",<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and is characterized as a form of <a href="Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">obstruction</a> in a <a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> or other decision-making body.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

The term "filibuster" ultimately derives from the <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> vrijbuiter ("freebooter", a <a href="Pillaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillaging">pillaging</a> and plundering adventurer), but the precise history of the word's borrowing into English is obscure. The <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> finds its only known use in early modern English in a 1587 book describing "flibutors" who robbed supply convoys.<a href="#cite_note-OED-2">[2]</a> In the late 18th century, the term was re-borrowed into English from its <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> form flibustier, a form that was used until the mid-19th century.

The modern English form "filibuster" was borrowed in the early 1850s from the <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> filibustero (lawless plunderer).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term was applied to adventurers like <a href="William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> who were engaging in private military expeditions in <a href="Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED-2">[2]</a> Spain lost all its Central American territory in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Over the course of the mid to late 19th century, the term "filibustering" became common in American English in the sense of "obstructing progress in a legislative assembly".<a href="#cite_note-OED-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h2></div>

One of the first known practitioners of the filibuster was the <a href="Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman senator</a> <a href="Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a>. In debates over legislation he especially opposed, Cato would often obstruct the measure by speaking continuously until nightfall.<a href="#cite_note-goldsworthy-5">[5]</a> As the Roman Senate had a rule requiring all business to conclude by dusk, Cato's deliberate long-winded speeches were an effective device to forestall a vote.

Cato attempted to use the filibuster at least twice to frustrate the political objectives of <a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. The first incident occurred during the summer of 60 BC, when Caesar was returning home from his <a href="Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">propraetorship</a> in <a href="Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a>. Caesar, by virtue of his military victories over the raiders and bandits in Hispania, had been awarded a <a href="Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> by the Senate. Having recently turned forty, Caesar had also become eligible to stand for <a href="Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. This posed a dilemma. Roman generals honored with a triumph were not allowed to enter the city prior to the ceremony, but candidates for the consulship were required, by law, to appear in person at the <a href="Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goldsworthy-5">[5]</a> The date of the election, which had already been set, made it impossible for Caesar to stand unless he crossed the <a href="Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a> and gave up the right to his triumph. Caesar petitioned the Senate to stand <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_absentia" class="extiw external" title="wikt:in absentia">in absentia</a>, but Cato employed a filibuster to block the proposal. Faced with a choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship and entered the city.

Cato made use of the filibuster again in 59 BC in response to a land reform bill sponsored by Caesar, who was then consul.<a href="#cite_note-goldsworthy-5">[5]</a> When it was Cato's time to speak during the debate, he began one of his characteristically long-winded speeches. Caesar, who needed to pass the bill before his co-consul, <a href="Marcus_Calpurnius_Bibulus" title="Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus">Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus</a>, took possession of the <a href="Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a> at the end of the month, immediately recognized Cato's intent and ordered the <a href="Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a> to jail him for the rest of the day. The move was unpopular with many senators and Caesar, realizing his mistake, soon ordered Cato's release. The day was wasted without the Senate ever getting to vote on a motion supporting the bill, but Caesar eventually circumvented Cato's opposition by taking the measure to the <a href="Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal Assembly</a>, where it passed.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westminster-style_parliaments">Westminster-style parliaments</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

Both houses of the <a href="Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian</a> parliament have strictly enforced rules on how long members may speak, so filibusters are generally not possible, though this is not the case in some state legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

In opposition, <a href="Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a>'s Liberal National <a href="Coalition_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition (Australia)">coalition</a> used <a href="Suspension_of_the_rules" title="Suspension of the rules">suspension</a> of <a href="Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">standing orders</a> in 2012 for the purposes of filibustering, most commonly during question time against the Labor government.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

In 2022, <a href="Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> Senator <a href="Michaelia_Cash" title="Michaelia Cash">Michaelia Cash</a> engaged in a nine-hour filibuster in <a href="Committee_of_the_whole" title="Committee of the whole">committee of the whole</a> (in which senators can usually question ministers as often as they liked) in an effort to stall the passage of industrial relations laws.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal">Federal</h4></div>

A dramatic example of filibustering in the <a href="House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> took place between Thursday June 23, 2011 and Saturday June 25, 2011. In an attempt to prevent the passing of Bill C-6, which would have legislated the imposing of a four-year contract and pay conditions on the locked out <a href="Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> workers, the <a href="New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) led a filibustering session which lasted for fifty-eight hours. The NDP argued that the legislation in its then form undermined collective bargaining. Specifically, the NDP opposed the salary provisions and the form of binding arbitration outlined in the bill.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-11">[11]</a>

The House was supposed to break for the summer on June 23 but remained open in an extended session due to the filibuster. The 103 NDP MPs had been taking it in turn to deliver 20-minute speeches, plus 10 minutes of questions and comments, to delay the passing of the bill. MPs are allowed to give such speeches each time a vote takes place, and many votes were needed before the bill could be passed. As the <a href="Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> held a majority in the House, the bill passed.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This was the longest filibuster since the 1999 <a href="Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a> filibuster, on native treaty issues in <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

Former Conservative <a href="House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">Member of Parliament</a> <a href="Tom_Lukiwski" title="Tom Lukiwski">Tom Lukiwski</a> was known for his ability to stall <a href="Standing_committee_(Canada)" title="Standing committee (Canada)">Parliamentary Committee</a> business by filibustering.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> One such example occurred on October 26, 2006, when he spoke for almost 120 minutes to prevent the Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development from studying a <a href="Private_member's_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> to implement the <a href="Kyoto_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto Accord">Kyoto Accord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He also spoke for about 6 hours on February 5, 2008, and February 7, 2008, at the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs meetings to block inquiry into allegations that the Conservative Party <a href="In_and_Out_scandal" title="In and Out scandal">spent more than the maximum allowable campaign limits</a> during the <a href="2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 Canadian federal election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

Another example of filibuster in Canada federally came in early 2014 when NDP MP and Deputy Leader <a href="David_Christopherson" title="David Christopherson">David Christopherson</a> filibustered the government's bill C-23, the Fair Elections Act at the Procedure and House Affairs Committee.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> His filibuster lasted several meetings, in the last of which he spoke for over 8 hours. It was done to support his own motion to hold cross-country hearings on the bill so that MPs could hear what the Canadian public thought of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the end, given that the Conservative government had a majority at committee, his motion was defeated and the bill passed — though with some significant amendments.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

In the spring of 2017 Conservative and NDP Opposition MPs united to filibuster a motion from Government House Leader <a href="Bardish_Chagger" title="Bardish Chagger">Bardish Chagger</a>, arguing it was an attempt by the <a href="Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> government to limit the ability of opposition parties to hold the government to account.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> David Christopherson was again one of the leaders in this filibuster along with Conservative <a href="Scott_Reid_(politician)" title="Scott Reid (politician)">Scott Reid</a>. Several other opposition MPs made significant contributions to the filibuster, including Conservatives <a href="Blake_Richards" title="Blake Richards">Blake Richards</a>, <a href="John_Nater" title="John Nater">John Nater</a>, and <a href="Jamie_Schmale" title="Jamie Schmale">Jamie Schmale</a>. The filibuster lasted from March 21 until May 2, when the governing Liberals agreed to drop the most controversial elements of their proposal.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial">Provincial</h4></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Newfoundland_and_Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</h5></div>

An ironic example of filibustering occurred when the <a href="Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador">Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador</a> reportedly had "nothing else to do in the <a href="Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly" title="Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a>" and debated between only themselves about their own budget after both the Conservative and NDP party indicated either their support for the bill or intent to vote.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ontario">Ontario</h5></div>

The <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislature</a> of the <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Province of Ontario</a> has witnessed several significant filibusters,<a href="#cite_note-cpsa-acsp.ca-30">[30]</a> although two are notable for the unusual manner by which they were undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The first was an effort on May 6, 1991, by <a href="Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> — later premier but then leader of the opposition <a href="Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservatives</a> — to derail the implementation of the budget tabled by the <a href="Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">NDP</a> government under premier <a href="Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>. The tactic involved the introduction of Bill 95 (a.k.a. Zebra Mussel Act), the title of which contained the names of every lake, river and stream in the province.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Between the reading of the title by the proposing <a href="Member_of_Provincial_Parliament_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)">MPP</a>, and the subsequent obligatory reading of the title by the clerk of the chamber, this filibuster occupied the entirety of the day's session until adjournment. To prevent this particular tactic from being used again, changes were eventually made to the <a href="Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">Standing Orders</a> to limit the time allocated each day to the introduction of bills to 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-cpsa-acsp.ca-30">[30]</a>

A second high-profile and uniquely implemented filibuster in the <a href="Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Ontario Legislature</a> occurred in April 1997, where the <a href="Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">Ontario New Democratic Party</a>, then in opposition, tried to prevent the governing <a href="Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservatives'</a> <a href="Common_Sense_Revolution#Bill_103" title="Common Sense Revolution">Bill 103</a> from taking effect. To protest the Tory government's legislation that would <a href="Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamate</a> the municipalities of <a href="Metro_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Toronto">Metro Toronto</a> into the "megacity" of <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, the small NDP caucus introduced 11,500 <a href="Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">amendments</a> to the megacity bill, created on computers with <a href="Mail_merge" title="Mail merge">mail merge</a> functionality. Each amendment would name a street in the proposed city, and provide that public hearings be held in the megacity with residents of the street invited to participate. The <a href="Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Ontario Liberal Party</a> also joined the filibuster with a smaller series of amendments; a typical Liberal amendment would give a historical designation to a named street. The NDP then added another series of over 700 amendments, each proposing a different date for the bill to come into force.

The filibuster began on April 2 with the Abbeywood Trail amendment<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and occupied the legislature day and night, the members alternating in shifts. On April 4, exhausted and often sleepy government members inadvertently let one of the NDP amendments pass, and the handful of residents of Cafon Court in <a href="Etobicoke%2C_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Etobicoke, Ontario">Etobicoke</a> were granted the right to a public consultation on the bill, although the government subsequently nullified this with an amendment of its own.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On April 6, with the alphabetical list of streets barely into the Es, <a href="Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker</a> <a href="Chris_Stockwell" title="Chris Stockwell">Chris Stockwell</a> ruled that there was no need for the 220 words identical in each amendment to be read aloud each time, only the street name.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> With a vote still needed on each amendment, Zorra Street was not reached until April 8.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Liberal amendments were then voted down one by one, eventually using a similar abbreviated process, and the filibuster finally ended on April 11.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

The <a href="Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> (Council of states) — which is the upper house in the Indian <a href="Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislature — allows for a debate to be brought to a close with a simple majority decision of the house, on a closure motion so introduced by any member.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (Council of the people) — the lower house — leaves the closure of the debate to the discretion of the <a href="Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">speaker</a> once a motion to end the debate is moved by a member.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div>

In 2014, <a href="Minister_for_Justice%2C_Home_Affairs_and_Migration" title="Minister for Justice, Home Affairs and Migration">Justice Minister</a> <a href="Alan_Shatter" title="Alan Shatter">Alan Shatter</a> performed a filibuster; he was perceived to "drone on and on" and hence this was termed a "Drone Attack".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div>

In August 2000, <a href="Government_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> opposition parties National and ACT delayed the voting for the Employment Relations Bill by voting slowly, and in some cases in <a href="M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> (which required translation into English).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

In 2009, several parties staged a filibuster of the Local Government (Auckland Reorganisation) Bill in opposition to the government setting up a new <a href="Auckland_Council" title="Auckland Council">Auckland Council</a> — under urgency and without debate or review by the select committee — by proposing thousands of <a href="Wrecking_amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrecking amendments">wrecking amendments</a> and voting in Māori as each amendment had to be voted on and votes in Māori translated into English. Amendments included renaming the council to "Auckland <a href="Katchafire" title="Katchafire">Katchafire</a> Council" or "<a href="Rodney_Hide" title="Rodney Hide">Rodney Hide</a> Memorial Council" and replacing the phrase "powers of a regional council" with "power and muscle".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

In the <a href="Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, a bill defeated by a filibustering manoeuvre may be said to have been 'talked out'. The procedures of the <a href="British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> require that members cover only points germane to the topic under consideration or the debate underway whilst speaking. Example filibusters in the Commons and Lords include:

<ul><li>In 1874, <a href="Joseph_Gillis_Biggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gillis Biggar">Joseph Gillis Biggar</a> started making long speeches in the House of Commons to delay the passage of <a href="Irish_coercion_acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish coercion acts">Irish coercion acts</a>. <a href="Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, a young Irish nationalist <a href="Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> (MP), who in 1880 became leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, joined him in this tactic to obstruct the business of the House and force the Liberals and Conservatives to negotiate with him and his party. The tactic was enormously successful, and Parnell and his MPs succeeded, for a time, in forcing Parliament to take the <a href="Irish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Question">Irish Question</a> of return to self-government seriously.</li>

<li>In 1983, Labour MP <a href="John_Golding_(British_politician)" title="John Golding (British politician)">John Golding</a> talked for over 11 hours during an all-night sitting at the committee stage of the <a href="British_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecommunications">British Telecommunications</a> Bill. However, as this was at a standing committee and not in the Commons chamber, he was also able to take breaks to eat.</li>

<li>On July 3, 1998, Labour MP <a href="Michael_Foster_(Worcester_MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Foster (Worcester MP)">Michael Foster</a>'s Wild Mammals (Hunting with Dogs) Bill was blocked in Parliament by opposition filibustering.</li>

<li>In January 2000, filibustering directed by <a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> MPs to oppose the <a href="Disqualifications_Act_2000" title="Disqualifications Act 2000">Disqualifications Bill</a> led to the cancellation of the day's parliamentary business on <a href="Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s 1,000th day in office. However, since this business included <a href="Prime_Minister's_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a>, <a href="William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>, the Conservative leader at that time, was deprived of the opportunity of a high-profile confrontation with the Prime Minister.</li>

<li>On Friday, April 20, 2007, a <a href="Private_member's_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> aimed at exempting Members of Parliament from the Freedom of Information Act was 'talked out' by a collection of MPs, led by Liberal Democrats <a href="Simon_Hughes" title="Simon Hughes">Simon Hughes</a> and Norman Baker who debated for five hours, therefore running out of time for the parliamentary day and 'sending the bill to the bottom of the stack.' However, since there were no other private member's bills to debate, it was resurrected the following Monday.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li>

<li>In January 2011, Labour peers, including most notably <a href="John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a>, were attempting to delay the passage of the <a href="Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Bill_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill 2010">Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Bill 2010</a> until after February 16, the deadline given by the <a href="Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a> to allow the referendum on the Alternative Vote to take place on May 5. On the eighth day of debate, staff in the House of Lords set up camp beds and refreshments to allow peers to rest, for the first time in eight years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li>

<li>In January 2012, Conservative and <a href="Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> MPs used filibustering to successfully block the Daylight Savings Bill 2010–12, a private member's bill that would put the UK on <a href="Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>. The filibustering included an attempt by <a href="Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a> to amend the bill to give the county of <a href="Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> its own time zone, 15 minutes behind London.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li>

<li>In November 2014, Conservative MPs <a href="Philip_Davies" title="Philip Davies">Philip Davies</a> and <a href="Christopher_Chope" title="Christopher Chope">Christopher Chope</a> successfully filibustered a private member's bill that would have prohibited retaliatory evictions. Davies's speech was curtailed by Deputy Speaker <a href="Dawn_Primarolo" title="Dawn Primarolo">Dawn Primarolo</a> for disregarding her authority after she ordered Davies to wrap up his then hour-long speech. A closure motion moved by the government, which was agreed to 60–0, failed due to being inquorate.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li>

<li>In October 2016 Conservative Minister <a href="Sam_Gyimah" title="Sam Gyimah">Sam Gyimah</a> filibustered a bill sponsored by <a href="John_Nicolson_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicolson (politician)">John Nicolson</a> of the <a href="Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> that would pardon historic convictions for homosexual acts (which were no longer an offence), replacing an existing law that requires each pardon to be applied for separately.</li></ul>

The all-time Commons record for non-stop speaking, six hours, was set by <a href="Henry_Brougham%2C_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a> in 1828, though this was not a filibuster. The 21st century record was set on December 2, 2005, by <a href="Andrew_Dismore" title="Andrew Dismore">Andrew Dismore</a>, <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP for <a href="Hendon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hendon (UK Parliament constituency)">Hendon</a>. Dismore spoke for three hours and 17 minutes to block a Conservative private member's bill, the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Protection of Property) Bill, which he claimed amounted to "vigilante law".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Although Dismore is credited with speaking for 197 minutes, he regularly accepted interventions from other MPs who wished to comment on points made in his speech. Taking multiple interventions artificially inflates the duration of a speech and thus may be used as a tactic to prolong a speech.

In local <a href="Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authorities of England</a> a motion may be carried into closure by filibustering. This results in any additional motions receiving less time for debate by councillors instead of forcing a vote by the council under closure rules.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4></div>

A notable filibuster took place in the <a href="Northern_Ireland_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland House of Commons">Northern Ireland House of Commons</a> in 1936 when <a href="Tommy_Henderson" title="Tommy Henderson">Tommy Henderson</a> (Independent Unionist MP for Shankill) spoke for nine and a half hours (ending just before 4 a.m.) on the Appropriation Bill. As this bill applied government spending to all departments, almost any topic was relevant to the debate, and Henderson used the opportunity to list all of his many criticisms of the Unionist government.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2></div>

On October 28, 1897, <a href="Otto_Lecher" title="Otto Lecher">Otto Lecher</a>, delegate for <a href="Brno" title="Brno">Brünn</a>, spoke continuously for twelve hours before the Abgeordnetenhaus ("House of Delegates") of the <a href="Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Reichsrat</a> ("Imperial Council") of <a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, to block action on the "<a href="Ausgleich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</a>" with <a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, which was due for renewal. <a href="Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> was present, and described the speech and the political context in his essay "Stirring Times in Austria".<a href="#cite_note-Twain-51">[51]</a>

In the <a href="Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> Legislative Assembly, Independent member <a href="Ahrn_Palley" title="Ahrn Palley">Ahrn Palley</a> staged a similar filibuster against the Law and Order Maintenance Bill on November 22, 1960, although this took the form of moving a long series of amendments to the Bill, and therefore consisted of multiple individual speeches interspersed with comments from other Members. Palley kept the Assembly sitting from 8 PM to 12:30 PM the following day.

In the <a href="Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate of the Philippines</a>, <a href="Roseller_Lim" class="mw-redirect" title="Roseller Lim">Roseller Lim</a> of the <a href="Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> held out the longest filibuster in Philippine Senate history. On the election for the <a href="President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President of the Senate of the Philippines</a> in April 1963, he stood on the podium for more than 18 hours to wait for party-mate <a href="Alejandro_Almendras" title="Alejandro Almendras">Alejandro Almendras</a> who was to arrive from the United States. The Nacionalistas, who comprised exactly half of the Senate, wanted to prevent the election of <a href="Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> to the Senate Presidency. Prohibited from even going to the comfort room, he had to relieve in his pants until Almendras' arrival. He voted for party-mate <a href="Eulogio_Rodriguez" title="Eulogio Rodriguez">Eulogio Rodriguez</a> just as Almendras arrived, and had to be carried off via stretcher out of the session hall due to exhaustion. However, Almendras voted for Marcos, and the latter wrested the Senate Presidency from the Nacionalistas after more than a decade of control.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-Inquirer-52">[52]</a>

On December 16, 2010, <a href="Werner_Kogler" title="Werner Kogler">Werner Kogler</a> of the Austrian Green Party gave his speech before the budget committee, criticizing the failings of the budget and the governing parties (<a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democratic Party</a> and <a href="Austrian_People's_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a>) in the last years. The filibuster lasted for 12 hours and 42 minutes (starting at 13:18, and speaking until 2:00 in the morning),<a href="#cite_note-marathonrede-kogler-53">[53]</a> thus breaking the previous record held by his party-colleague Madeleine Petrovic (10 hours and 35 minutes on March 11, 1993),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> after which the standing orders were changed, limiting speaking time to 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> However, it did not keep Kogler from giving his speech.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster in the United States Senate</a></div>

The filibuster is a powerful legislative device in the <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. <a href="Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Senate rules</a> permit a senator or senators to speak for as long as they wish and on any topic they choose, unless "three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn"<a href="#cite_note-rule22-56">[56]</a> (usually 60 out of 100 senators) bring debate to a close by invoking <a href="Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> under <a href="Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate%2C_Rule_XXII" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXII">Senate Rule XXII</a>. Even if a filibuster attempt is unsuccessful, the process takes floor time.<a href="#cite_note-crs-57">[57]</a> Defenders call the filibuster "The Soul of the Senate".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

The procedure is not enumerated in the <a href="U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>; it only became theoretically possible with a change of Senate rules in 1806, and was not used until 1837.<a href="#cite_note-Binder-59">[59]</a> Rarely used for much of the Senate's first two centuries, it was strengthened in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and especially since the 2010s<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> the majority has preferred to avoid filibusters by moving to other business when a filibuster is threatened and attempts to achieve cloture have failed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> As a result, in recent decades this has come to mean that all major legislation (apart from <a href="Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">budget reconciliation</a>, which requires a simple 51-vote majority) now requires a 60-vote majority to pass.

Under current Senate rules, any modification or limitation of the filibuster would be a rule change that itself could be filibustered, with two-thirds of those senators present and voting (as opposed to the normal three-fifths of those sworn) needing to vote to break the filibuster.<a href="#cite_note-rule22-56">[56]</a> However, under Senate precedents, a simple majority can act (and has acted) to limit the practice by overruling decisions of the chair. The removal or substantial limitation of the filibuster by a simple majority, rather than a rule change, is called the constitutional option by proponents,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and the <a href="Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">nuclear option</a> by opponents.

On November 21, 2013, the Democratic-controlled Senate voted 52 to 48 to require only a majority vote to end a filibuster of all executive and judicial nominees, excluding Supreme Court nominees, rather than the three-fifths of votes previously required.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> On April 6, 2017, the Republican-controlled Senate voted 52 to 48 to require only a majority vote to end a filibuster of Supreme Court nominees.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A three-fifths (60 vote) supermajority is still required to end filibusters on legislation.

While president, <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> spoke out against the 60-vote requirement for legislation on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-cbs1-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico1-67">[67]</a> In opposition to Trump, Senate Majority Leader <a href="Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> committed to not abolish the filibuster for legislation; in April 2017, a broad mix of 61 senators (32 Republicans, 28 Democrats, and one independent)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> signed a letter stating their support for the 60-vote threshold and their opposition to abolishing the filibuster for legislation.<a href="#cite_note-cbs1-66">[66]</a>

In 2021, the Senate filibuster's past, particularly its historical usage in blocking civil rights legislation, a practice described by the <a href="Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> as racist, fuelled arguments for its end.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On January 19, 2022, the Democratic-controlled Senate voted to change the filibuster. The vote, however, failed 52–48, due to the defection of Democratic Senators <a href="Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> and <a href="Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

On April 1, 2025, <a href="Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> gave the longest senate speech in American history, known as <a href="Cory_Booker's_marathon_speech" title="Cory Booker's marathon speech">Cory Booker's marathon speech</a>, surpassing the previous record of <a href="Strom_Thurmond_filibuster_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957">Strom Thurmond's filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957</a>. This speech, however, was not a filibuster, as there was no vote on a bill being blocked.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3></div>

In the <a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, the filibuster (the right to unlimited debate) was used until 1842, when a permanent rule limiting the duration of debate was created.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The <a href="Disappearing_quorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappearing quorum">disappearing quorum</a> was a tactic used by the minority until <a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a> eliminated it in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> As the membership of the House grew much larger than the <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, the House had acted earlier to control floor debate and the delay and blocking of floor votes. The <a href="Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">magic minute</a> allows party leaders to speak for as long as they wish, which <a href="Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> used in 2025 to set a record for the longest speech on the House floor (8 hours and 44 minutes) in opposition to the <a href="One_Big_Beautiful_Bill_Act" title="One Big Beautiful Bill Act">One Big Beautiful Bill Act</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_legislatures">State legislatures</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Comparison_of_U.S._state_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of U.S. state governments">Comparison of U.S. state governments</a></div>

Only 14 state legislatures permit a filibuster: <a href="Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2></div>

In France, since the duration of speeches themselves are limited,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="Point_of_order" title="Point of order">points of order</a> (rappels au règlement) and — especially — amendments are popular tools for parliamentary obstructionism.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

The record number of amendments occurred in August 2006; the left-wing opposition submitted 137,449 amendments<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> to the proposed law bringing the share in <a href="Gaz_de_France" title="Gaz de France">Gaz de France</a> owned by the French state from 80% to 34% in order to allow for the merger between Gaz de France and <a href="Suez_(company%2C_1997%E2%80%932008)" title="Suez (company, 1997–2008)">Suez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Normal parliamentary procedure would have required 10 years to vote on all the amendments.

The French constitution gives the government two options to defeat such a filibuster. The first such option was originally the use of the <a href="Article_49_of_the_French_Constitution#Commitment_of_responsibility_on_a_bill_(49.3)" title="Article 49 of the French Constitution">article 49 paragraph 3</a> procedure, according to which the law was adopted unless a majority is reached on a no-confidence motion (A reform of July 2008 resulted in this power being restricted to budgetary measures only, plus one time each ordinary session — i.e. from October to June — on any bill. Before this reform, article 49.3 was frequently used, especially when the government lacked a majority in the <a href="National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> to support the text but still enough to avoid a no-confidence vote). The second option is article 44 paragraph 3, through which the government can force a global vote on all amendments it did not approve or submit itself.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

In the end, the government did not have to use either of those procedures. As the parliamentary debate started, the left-wing opposition chose to withdraw all the amendments to allow for the vote to proceed. The 'filibuster' was aborted because the opposition to the privatisation of Gaz de France appeared to lack support amongst the general population. It also appeared that this privatisation law could be used by the left-wing in the presidential election of 2007 as a political argument. Indeed, <a href="Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> — president of the <a href="Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" title="Union for a Popular Movement">Union pour un Mouvement Populaire</a> (UMP, the right-wing party), Interior Minister, former Finance Minister and future <a href="President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> — had previously promised that the share owned by the French government in Gaz de France would never go below 70%.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chile">Chile</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Naranjazo_(speech)" title="Naranjazo (speech)">Naranjazo (speech)</a></div>

In 1993, <a href="Jorge_Ulloa" title="Jorge Ulloa">Jorge Ulloa</a> of the <a href="Independent_Democratic_Union" title="Independent Democratic Union">Independent Democratic Union</a> held a six-hour-long speech at the <a href="Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies</a> in <a href="Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, to allow <a href="Pablo_Longueira" title="Pablo Longueira">Pablo Longueira</a> to arrive from <a href="Concepci%C3%B3n%2C_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> and vote on the impeachment of three Supreme Court justices.<a href="#cite_note-BiobioFilib-81">[81]</a>

In the <a href="Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Chile" title="Chamber of Deputies of Chile">Chamber of Deputies of Chile</a>, on November 8, 2021, <a href="Jaime_Naranjo" title="Jaime Naranjo">Jaime Naranjo</a>, deputy from the <a href="Socialist_Party_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Party (Chile)">Socialist Party</a>, spoke for almost 15 hours during the discussion of the impeachment against President <a href="Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a>, allowing for <a href="Broad_Front_(Chilean_political_coalition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad Front (Chilean political coalition)">Broad Front</a>'s <a href="Gonzalo_Winter" title="Gonzalo Winter">Gonzalo Winter</a><a href="#cite_note-BiobioFilib-81">[81]</a> and <a href="Giorgio_Jackson" title="Giorgio Jackson">Giorgio Jackson</a> (both on a <a href="COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> close contact pre-emptive quarantine until that midnight) to arrive in Congress to participate in the session. Christian Democratic <a href="Jorge_Sabag" title="Jorge Sabag">Jorge Sabag</a> was in <a href="Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> and had a PCR test taken earlier that day; although initially refusing to attend the session, members of the Christian Democratic Party board convinced him to make the trip to Valparaíso, arriving that night, just after Jackson and Winter. Their votes were essential to impeach Piñera.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>

The first incidence of filibuster in the <a href="Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> (LegCo) after <a href="Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">the Handover</a> occurred during the second reading of the Provision of Municipal Services (Reorganization) Bill in 1999, which aimed at dissolving the partially elected <a href="Urban_Council%2C_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Council, Hong Kong">Urban Council</a> and <a href="Regional_Council_(Hong_Kong)" title="Regional Council (Hong Kong)">Regional Council</a>. As the absence of some <a href="Pro-Beijing_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Beijing camp">pro-Establishment</a> legislators would mean an inadequate support for the passing of the bill, the Pro-establishment Camp filibustered along with <a href="Michael_Suen" title="Michael Suen">Michael Suen</a>, then <a href="Secretary_for_Constitutional_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Constitutional Affairs">Secretary for Constitutional Affairs</a>; voting on the bill was delayed until the following day so the absentees could cast their votes. Though the filibuster was criticised by the <a href="Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democracy camp</a>, <a href="Lau_Kong-wah" title="Lau Kong-wah">Lau Kong-wah</a> of the <a href="Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong</a> (DAB) defended their actions, saying "it (a filibuster) is totally acceptable in a parliamentary assembly."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

Legislators of the Pro-democracy Camp filibustered during a debate about financing the construction of the <a href="Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link</a> by raising many questions on very minor issues, delaying the passing of the bill from December 18, 2009, to January 16, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Legislative Council Building was surrounded by thousands of <a href="Guangzhou-Hong_Kong_high-speed_rail_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou-Hong Kong high-speed rail controversy">anti–high-speed rail protesters</a> during the course of the meetings.

In 2012, <a href="Albert_Chan" title="Albert Chan">Albert Chan</a> and <a href="Wong_Yuk-man" title="Wong Yuk-man">Wong Yuk-man</a> of <a href="People_Power_(Hong_Kong)" title="People Power (Hong Kong)">People Power</a> submitted a total of 1306 amendments to the Legislative Council (Amendment) Bill, by which the government attempted to forbid lawmakers from participating in by-elections after their resignation. The bill was a response to the so-called <a href="Hong_Kong_by-election%2C_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong by-election, 2010">Five Constituencies Referendum</a>, in which 5 lawmakers from the pro-democracy camp resigned and then joined the by-election, claiming that it would affirm the public's support to push forward electoral reform. The pro-democracy camp strongly opposed the bill, saying it was a deprivation of the citizens' political rights. As a result of the filibuster, the LegCo carried on multiple overnight debates on the amendments. In the morning of May 17, 2012, the President of the LegCo, <a href="Jasper_Tsang" title="Jasper Tsang">Jasper Tsang</a>, terminated the debate, citing Article 92 of the Rules of Procedure of LegCo: In any matter not provided for in these Rules of Procedure, the practice and procedure to be followed in the Council shall be such as may be decided by the President who may, if he thinks fit, be guided by the practice and procedure of other legislatures. In the end, all motions to amend the bill were defeated and the bill was passed.

To ban filibuster, <a href="Ip_Kwok-him" title="Ip Kwok-him">Ip Kwok-him</a> of the DAB sought to limit each member to move only one motion, by amending the procedures of the Finance Committee and its two subcommittees in 2013. All 27 members from pan-democracy camp submitted 1.9 million amendments.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The Secretariat estimated that 408 man-months (each containing 156 working hours) were needed to vet the facts and accuracy of the motions, and — if all amendments were admitted by the chairman — the voting time would take 23,868 two-hour meetings.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iceland">Iceland</h2></div>

Since 1 January 2008, there have been time limits on all speeches made by members of the <a href="Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>. But while members (other than the sponsor of the bill or cabinet ministers) are restricted to two speeches each on the first and third readings, no such restriction exists for the second reading.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This lets members take turns talking indefinitely to stop a bill from receiving a vote. By a majority vote, the Althing may forcefully end debate on a bill; this was last used in 2025 after a 160-hour debate, and had previously not been used since 1959.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italy">Italy</h2></div>

In Italy, filibustering has ancient traditions and is expressed overall with the proposition of legal texts such as motions or amendments<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> on which debates take place.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>

During <a href="Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company#Nationalisation" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Iranian oil nationalisation</a>, the filibustering speech of <a href="Hossain_Makki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossain Makki">Hossain Makki</a> — the <a href="Iranian_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian National Front">National Front</a> deputy — took four days<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica_1901-91">[91]</a> and made the pro-British and pro-royalists in <a href="Majlis_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis (Iran)">Majlis (Iran)</a> inactive. For four days Makki forestalled the vote by talking about the country's tortuous experience with <a href="Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">AIOC</a> and the shortcomings of the bill. Four days later when the term ended, the debate had reached no conclusion. The fate of the bill remained to be decided by the next Majlis.<a href="#cite_note-Elm_1994_p._56-92">[92]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h2></div>

South Korean opposition lawmakers started a filibuster on February 23, 2016, to stall the Anti-Terrorism bill, which they claimed would give too much power to the <a href="National_Intelligence_Service_(South_Korea)" title="National Intelligence Service (South Korea)">National Intelligence Service</a> and result in invasions of citizens' privacy. The filibuster ended on March 2 with a total of 193 hours, and the passing of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="South_Korean_legislative_election%2C_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean legislative election, 2016">South Korea's 20th legislative elections</a> were held 2 months after the filibuster, and the opposite party the <a href="Minjoo_Party_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Minjoo Party of Korea">Minjoo Party of Korea</a> won more seats than the ruling party, the <a href="Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Saenuri Party</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain">Spain</h2></div>

In the <a href="Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonian</a> parliament, opposition lawmakers started a filibuster on September 6, 2017, to stall the <a href="Catalan_independence_referendum%2C_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independence referendum, 2017">independence referendum</a>.

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice_delayed_is_justice_denied" title="Justice delayed is justice denied">Justice delayed is justice denied</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">Liberum veto</a></li>

<li>"<a href="The_Stackhouse_Filibuster" class="mw-redirect" title="The Stackhouse Filibuster">The Stackhouse Filibuster</a>" – an episode of <a href="The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Baby%2C_It's_Cold_Outside_(Scandal)" title="Baby, It's Cold Outside (Scandal)">Baby, It's Cold Outside</a>" – an episode of <a href="Scandal_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandal (American TV series)">Scandal</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Mr._Smith_Goes_to_Washington" title="Mr. Smith Goes to Washington">Mr. Smith Goes to Washington</a>" – a 1939 film by <a href="Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">Obstructionism</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "Talking it out" usage example: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</li>

<li id="cite_note-OED-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_2-2">c</a> Oxford English Dictionary, "filibuster", pp. F:212–213.

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<li id="cite_note-cbs1-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs1_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs1_66-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-calls-for-end-to-filibuster-says-senate-republicans-look-like-fools/">"Trump calls for end to filibuster, says Senate Republicans "look like fools""</a>. <a href="CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. July 29, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123175518/https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/trump-calls-for-end-to-filibuster-says-senate-republicans-look-like-fools/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2022.</cite>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div>

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<ul><li>BBC, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82143.stm">Filibustering</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82143.stm">Archived</a> 2007-03-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," at <a href="BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, July 16, 2005.</li>

<li>BBC, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4492688.stm">MP's marathon speech sinks bill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003900/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4492688.stm">Archived</a> 2007-03-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at BBC News, December 2, 2005.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBethStanley_Bach2003" class="citation book cs1">Beth, Richard; Stanley Bach (March 28, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%270E%2C%2APLW%3D%22P%20%20%0A">Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate</a>. <a href="Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911105632/http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%270E%2C%2APLW%3D%22P%20%20%0A">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2018.</cite></li>

<li>Sarah A. Binder and <a href="Steven_S._Smith" title="Steven S. Smith">Steven S. Smith</a>, Politics or Principle: Filibustering in the United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8157-0952-8</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Eleanor_Clift" title="Eleanor Clift">Eleanor Clift</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msnbc.msn.com/id/3474915/">Filibuster: Not Like It Used to Be</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040525231539/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3474915/">Archived</a> 2004-05-25 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Newsweek, 24 Nov. 2003.</li>

<li>Bill Dauster, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311021551/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v28/ai_18855822">It's Not Mr. Smith Goes to Washington: The Senate Filibuster Ain't What it Used To Be"</a>, The Washington Monthly, Nov. 1996, at 34–36.</li>

<li><a href="Alan_Frumin" title="Alan Frumin">Alan S. Frumin</a>, "Cloture Procedure," in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927154735/http://www.gpoaccess.gov//riddick/282-334.pdf">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a>, 282–334. Washington, D.C.: <a href="United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, 1992.</li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Koger" title="Gregory Koger">Gregory Koger</a> (2010). Filibustering: A Political History of Obstruction in the House and Senate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-44964-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/455871593">455871593</a>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLazare1996" class="citation book cs1">Lazare, Daniel (1996). The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy. Harcourt. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-15-100085-2</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32626734">32626734</a>.</cite></li>

<li>Jessica Reaves, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030226200617/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,423312,00.html">The Filibuster Formula</a>," Time, 25 Feb. 2003.</li>

<li>U.S. Senate, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Filibuster_Cloture.htm">Filibuster and Cloture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212312/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Filibuster_Cloture.htm">Archived</a> 2017-02-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</li>

<li>U.S. Senate, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Filibuster_Derails_Supreme_Court_Appointment.htm">Filibuster Derails Supreme Court Appointment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505152819/http://senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Filibuster_Derails_Supreme_Court_Appointment.htm">Archived</a> 2010-05-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/filibuster" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/filibuster">filibuster</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/house-proceedings/house_detail.do?locale=en&Date=1997-04-02&Parl=36&Sess=1&detailPage=/house-proceedings/transcripts/files_html/1997-04-02_L176b.htm">Archive of the amendment debates, 2 April 1997 (Canada, Toronto)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707213246/http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/house-proceedings/house_detail.do?locale=en&Date=1997-04-02&Parl=36&Sess=1&detailPage=%2Fhouse-proceedings%2Ftranscripts%2Ffiles_html%2F1997-04-02_L176b.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-07 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the Provincial <a href="Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a>. The filibuster extends from section L176B of the archive to L176AE; the Cafon Court slip-up is in section L176H, Stockwell rules on the issue of repetition in L176N, and Zorra Street is reached in L176S.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.cq.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=227">Congressional Quarterly 101 Filibuster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624094210/http://corporate.cq.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=227">Archived</a> 2009-06-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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